Redes mágico-míticas no alvorecer de Israel: “religião” no platô de Benjamim no Ferro I-IIA
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Data
2019-09-24
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Universidade Metodista de São Paulo
Resumo
A pesquisa investiga as práticas religiosas na região do platô de Benjamim, atual Israel/Palestina, no Período do Ferro I-IIA (aprox. 1125-875), período e local de provável origem do “Antigo Israel”. Defende-se duas hipóteses, respectivamente, de ordem empírica e teórica: (1) que houve um sistema simbólico-religioso identificável no platô de Benjamim no Período do Ferro I-IIA; e que (2) esse sistema simbólico-religioso pode ser visualizado a partir do conceito original de redes mágico-míticas. Em resposta aos objetivos teóricos, foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica de textos seminais da História da Religião de Israel e, a partir de uma análise crítica, foi proposto que a religião de Benjamim pode ser visualizada através do conceito de “redes mágico-míticas”, i.e., sistemas simbólico-religiosos expressos pela comunicação oral compartilhada (p.ex., mitos, estórias) e fixada em objetos (p.ex., selos, talismãs) em estruturas comunicacionais circulares centradas em vilas graduadas, que retinham particularidades devido ao contato com o ambiente e dinâmicas sociais. Em adição, em resposta à hipótese empírica, foram analisados sistematicamente os nove sítios arqueológicos escavados na região (Beitin; Tell el-Jîb; Et-Tell; Khirbet Abū-Musarraḥ; Khirbet ed-Dawwara; Khirbet Nisieh; Khirbet Raddana; Tell el-Fûl; Tell en-Nasḅeh), estes respectivamente analisados em sua cultura material, cultura visual e cultura textual. Por meio da metodologia proposta, pôde-se confirmar a existência de um sistema cultural-religioso benjaminita que, em resumo, pode ser descrito entre práticas e crenças. As práticas se distribuíam em dois níveis: (1) familiar (i.e., relativo à casa e família), em espaços residenciais e funerários, com práticas ligadas à preocupações do nível doméstico; e (2) comunitário (i.e., relativo à vila e coletivo), em santuários provinciais ou ao ar livre, com práticas ligadas à preocupações da vila e cidade, como produção de alimento. Com relação às crenças, há três conceitos que aparecem de forma transversal no registro e que foram considerados centrais à imaginação sócio-religiosa dos benjaminitas: (1) o conceito de família extensa; (2) convicções d’além mundo; (3) a violência e guerra.
This research investigates the religious practices in the region around Benjamin’s plateau, current Israel/Palestine, in the Iron Age I-IIA (c. 1125-875), place and time of the probable origin of “Ancient Israel.” It sustain two hypotheses, respectively of empiric and theoretical dimensions: (1) that Benjamin’s plateau in the Iron Age I-II have seen and an identifiable religious-symbolical system; (2) that this religious system can be visualized from the (original) concept of Magical-Mythical Networks. Regarding the theoretical objectives, it was conducted a bibliographical research in the seminal works of the History of Ancient Israelite Religion and, from its critical evaluation, it was suggested that Benjamin’s religion can be seen from the concept of “Magical-Mythical Networks”, i.e., religious-symbolic systems expressed in shared oral communication (e.g., myths, stories, legends) and materialized in objects (e.g., pottery, seals, talismans, figurines) in circular communication structures centered on ranked villages, whose peculiarities creates and were created due to the contact with the environment and social dynamics. In addition, in response to the empirical hypothesis, nine archaeological sites excavated in the region were analyzed in the region (Beitin; Tell el-Jîb; Et-Tell; Khirbet Abū-Musarraḥ; Khirbet ed Dawwara; Khirbet Nisieh; Khirbet Raddana; Tell el-Fûl; Tell en-Nasḅeh), from which material, visual, and textual cultures were researched. From the proposed methodology, it was possible to probe the existence of a Benjaminite religious symbolical system that could be described in practices and beliefs. The practices were distributed in two levels; (1) familiar (i.e., related to the house and family), in residential and funerary architectural compounds, and with practices linked to preoccupations within the domestic environment; (2) village level (i.e., related to the village and collective), in village sanctuaries and open-air cults, and with practices connected to preoccupations of the village, as food production. Regarding the beliefs, three central concepts emerge transversally in the record, and that were considered central to the socio-religious imagination of the Benjaminites: (1) the idea of extended family; (2) beliefs in the after-life; (3) violence and war.
This research investigates the religious practices in the region around Benjamin’s plateau, current Israel/Palestine, in the Iron Age I-IIA (c. 1125-875), place and time of the probable origin of “Ancient Israel.” It sustain two hypotheses, respectively of empiric and theoretical dimensions: (1) that Benjamin’s plateau in the Iron Age I-II have seen and an identifiable religious-symbolical system; (2) that this religious system can be visualized from the (original) concept of Magical-Mythical Networks. Regarding the theoretical objectives, it was conducted a bibliographical research in the seminal works of the History of Ancient Israelite Religion and, from its critical evaluation, it was suggested that Benjamin’s religion can be seen from the concept of “Magical-Mythical Networks”, i.e., religious-symbolic systems expressed in shared oral communication (e.g., myths, stories, legends) and materialized in objects (e.g., pottery, seals, talismans, figurines) in circular communication structures centered on ranked villages, whose peculiarities creates and were created due to the contact with the environment and social dynamics. In addition, in response to the empirical hypothesis, nine archaeological sites excavated in the region were analyzed in the region (Beitin; Tell el-Jîb; Et-Tell; Khirbet Abū-Musarraḥ; Khirbet ed Dawwara; Khirbet Nisieh; Khirbet Raddana; Tell el-Fûl; Tell en-Nasḅeh), from which material, visual, and textual cultures were researched. From the proposed methodology, it was possible to probe the existence of a Benjaminite religious symbolical system that could be described in practices and beliefs. The practices were distributed in two levels; (1) familiar (i.e., related to the house and family), in residential and funerary architectural compounds, and with practices linked to preoccupations within the domestic environment; (2) village level (i.e., related to the village and collective), in village sanctuaries and open-air cults, and with practices connected to preoccupations of the village, as food production. Regarding the beliefs, three central concepts emerge transversally in the record, and that were considered central to the socio-religious imagination of the Benjaminites: (1) the idea of extended family; (2) beliefs in the after-life; (3) violence and war.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Benjamim, História da Religião de Israel e Judá, Redes Mágico Míticas, Arqueologia Siro-Palestinense, Iconografia Siro-Palestinense, Benjamin, History of Ancient Israelite Religion, Magical-Mythical Networks, Syro-Palestinian Archaeology, Syro-Palestinian Iconography
Citação
CARDOSO, Silas Klein. Redes mágico-míticas no alvorecer de Israel “religião” no platô de benjamim no ferro I-IIA. 2019. 450 folhas. Tese (Ciências da Religião) - Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, São Bernardo do Campo.