Governança multinível e capacidade estatal na implementação do Plano Nacional de Educação 2014-2024: a percepção de gestores estaduais
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2024-12-03
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Universidade Metodista de São Paulo
Resumo
Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar, de forma indireta, as capacidades estatal administrativa e de governança multinível do Ministério da Educação (MEC) para exercer o seu papel legal de coordenador da política educacional brasileira, sobretudo no que tange à implementação do Plano Nacional de Educação (PNE) vigente, inicialmente , no decênio 2014-2024. Tal empreitada se justifica porque a execução deste Plano fechou o decênio com apenas 63,7%, segundo o Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira (INEP, 2024) e 45,1% conforme o Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas Aplicadas (IPEA, 2023). Além disso, fontes públicas integrantes do próprio Ministério já indicaram a necessidade de aprimoramento da articulação e da colaboração entre a União, os Estados, o Distrito Federal e os Municípios, o que é fundamental dado o desenho tripartite das responsabilidades públicas nessa política pública. Sendo assim, buscar-se-á responder a seguinte questão: Considerando o nível de execução do PNE 2014-2024, da força de trabalho corrente do MEC, dos referenciais teóricos adotados e da percepção de Secretários(as) de Estado da educação, esse Ministério possui as capacidades estatal administrativa e de governança suficientes para exercer a coordenação nacional da política educacional? O fator-chave para analisar a capacidade administrativa será a existência (ou não) de carreiras especializadas em políticas públicas ou educação, com pessoal estável e contratado mediante concurso público na sede do Ministério, bem como nas suas principais autarquias diretamente ligadas à implementação das metas do PNE. No caso da capacidade de governança, a análise se desenvolverá a partir da percepção de Secretários(as) de Estado da Educação que responderam a um questionário aplicado por órgão público responsável por avaliação de políticas públicas, mediante expressa autorização. Para tanto, desenhou-se uma pesquisa descritiva, com abordagem metodológica qualitativa, procedendo-se à análise de dados com estatística descritiva e análise documental. Dentre os principais achados, concluiu-se que: apenas 13,5% dos servidores da sede do Ministério são oriundos de carreiras especializadas e de nível superior, resultando numa baixa capacidade de execução; a Rede de Assistência Técnica criada para apoiar Estados e Municípios na gestão do PNE foi descontinuada pelo governo federal a partir de 2019, prejudicando sobremaneira a implementação do Plano; e a Instância Permanente de Negociação e Cooperação entre a União, os Estados/Distrito Federal e os Municípios, principal mecanismo de governança multinível instituída pelo PNE, somente foi implantada em 2019.
This research aims to evaluate, indirectly, the state's administrative and multilevel governance capacities of the Ministry of Education (MEC) to exercise its legal role as coordinator of Brazilian educational policy, especially concerning the implementation of the National Education Plan (PNE) initially in force in the 2014-2024 decade. Such an undertaking is justified because the execution of this Plan closed the decade at only 63.7%, according to the National Institute of Educational Studies and Research Anísio Teixeira (INEP, 2024), and 45.1% according to the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA, 2023). In addition, public sources that are part of the Ministry itself have already indicated the need to improve the articulation and collaboration between the Union, the States, the Federal District besides the Municipalities, which is fundamental given the tripartite design of public responsibilities in this public policy. Thus, it will be sought to answer: Considering the level of execution of the PNE 2014-2024, the current workforce of the MEC, the theoretical references adopted as well as the perception of Secretaries of State for Education, does this Ministry have sufficient state-administrative and governance capacities to exercise the national coordination of educational policy? The proxy for analyzing administrative capacity will be the existence (or not) of careers specialized in public policy or education, with stable personnel hired through public competition at the Ministry's headquarters as well as in its main municipalities directly linked to the implementation of the goals of the PNE. In the case of governance capacity, the analysis will be developed from the perception of Secretaries of State for Education who answered a questionnaire applied by a public agency responsible for evaluating public policies, with express authorization. To this end, a descriptive study was designed, with a qualitative methodological approach, proceeding to data analysis with descriptive statistics and documentary analysis. Among the main findings, it was concluded that: only 13.5% of the employees at the Ministry's headquarters come from specialized careers and higher education, resulting in a low capacity for execution; the Technical Assistance Network designed to support States and Municipalities in the management of the PNE was discontinued by the federal government as of 2019, greatly hindering the implementation of the Plan; and the Permanent Instance of Negotiation and Cooperation between the Union, the States/Federal District and the Municipalities, the main multilevel governance mechanism established by the PNE, was only implemented in 2019.
This research aims to evaluate, indirectly, the state's administrative and multilevel governance capacities of the Ministry of Education (MEC) to exercise its legal role as coordinator of Brazilian educational policy, especially concerning the implementation of the National Education Plan (PNE) initially in force in the 2014-2024 decade. Such an undertaking is justified because the execution of this Plan closed the decade at only 63.7%, according to the National Institute of Educational Studies and Research Anísio Teixeira (INEP, 2024), and 45.1% according to the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA, 2023). In addition, public sources that are part of the Ministry itself have already indicated the need to improve the articulation and collaboration between the Union, the States, the Federal District besides the Municipalities, which is fundamental given the tripartite design of public responsibilities in this public policy. Thus, it will be sought to answer: Considering the level of execution of the PNE 2014-2024, the current workforce of the MEC, the theoretical references adopted as well as the perception of Secretaries of State for Education, does this Ministry have sufficient state-administrative and governance capacities to exercise the national coordination of educational policy? The proxy for analyzing administrative capacity will be the existence (or not) of careers specialized in public policy or education, with stable personnel hired through public competition at the Ministry's headquarters as well as in its main municipalities directly linked to the implementation of the goals of the PNE. In the case of governance capacity, the analysis will be developed from the perception of Secretaries of State for Education who answered a questionnaire applied by a public agency responsible for evaluating public policies, with express authorization. To this end, a descriptive study was designed, with a qualitative methodological approach, proceeding to data analysis with descriptive statistics and documentary analysis. Among the main findings, it was concluded that: only 13.5% of the employees at the Ministry's headquarters come from specialized careers and higher education, resulting in a low capacity for execution; the Technical Assistance Network designed to support States and Municipalities in the management of the PNE was discontinued by the federal government as of 2019, greatly hindering the implementation of the Plan; and the Permanent Instance of Negotiation and Cooperation between the Union, the States/Federal District and the Municipalities, the main multilevel governance mechanism established by the PNE, was only implemented in 2019.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Capacidades estatais, Governança multinível, Plano nacional de educação, State capacities, Multilevel governance, National Education Plan
Citação
MENDES, João Mourão. Governança multinível e capacidade estatal na implementação do Plano Nacional de Educação PNE 2014-2024: a percepção de gestores estaduais. 2024. 233 folhas. Tese (Doutorado em Educação) – Diretoria de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa da Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, São Bernardo do Campo.