História e profecia em Israel Norte no século VIII a.E.C: a antiga memória de uma divindade na imagem do touro novo em Oseias 8, 1-14
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2020-08-11
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Universidade Metodista de São Paulo
Resumo
Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo estudar o culto em Yiśrā’ēl Norte no âmbito da segunda unidade literária oseânica em Oseias 8,1-14, principalmente observando as análises da exegese hebraica, ressaltando a narrativa bíblica de forma literal, o apparatus criticus e as costuras filológicas nas subunidades 8,1-3;4-7;8-10;11-14. Apontaremos os fundamentos do culto e a religiosidade popular à antiga memória de uma divindade reverenciada na imagem do touro novo (ēgel) em Yiśrā’ēl Norte, na localidade de Samaria/Betel. Portanto, o referido culto está incluído nas unidades literárias oseânicas mais antigas da redação de Yiśrā’ēl Norte do século VIII a.E.C. No entanto, para chegarmos a tais constatações na perícope oseânica é necessário considerar as díspares de palavras e perícopes hebraicas, empregadas nas unidades literárias oseânicas no livro atribuído ao profeta Oseias pelos seus redatores. A partir dessas verificações, assinalaremos a construção do culto a esta divindade nos âmbitos da comunidade israelita. Consequentemente o deus YHWH era adorado na imagem deste touro novo, e a troca desta antiga memória (‘aṣāv – imagem) cúltica pela nova imagem trouxe uma forte crítica do profeta Oseias. Elucidaremos que esta antiga tradição era praticada pelos israelitas devido às suas condições existenciais implantadas por meio de suas práticas cúlticas ao longo do desenvolvimento de Yiśrā’ēl Norte. E, principalmente, por esta tradição estar amparada na veneração do touro novo e por ser-lhe atribuída a libertação do povo do Egito. As unidades literárias atribuídas ao profeta Oseias nos ajudarão a compreender o culto a esta divindade na imagem e forma de um touro novo em Yiśrā’ēl Norte. Os conteúdos destas unidades literárias foram redigidos e implantados com a finalidade de preservar a memória cultural dos israelitas em Yiśrā’ēl Norte, e a construção da religiosidade popular nos auxiliou a entender a crítica do profeta Oseias no século VIII a.E.C., no período do reinado de Jeroboão II (788-747).
This research aims to study the cult at Yiśrā'ēl North in the context of the second layer of Oseanic literature in Oseias 8:1-14, mainly by observing the analyses of Hebrew exegesis emphasizing the biblical narrative in a literal way, the apparatus criticus and the philological stitchings in subunits 8:1-3; 4-7; 8-10; 11-14. We will point out the foundations of the cult and popular religiosity to an ancient memory of a deity worshipped in the image of the new bull (ēgel) in Yiśrā'ēl North, in the locality of Samaria/Bethel. Therefore, this cult is included in the oldest Oseanic literary layers of Yiśrā'ēl North writing from the 8th century BCE. However, in order to reach such findings in the Oseanic pericopes it is necessary to consider the disparate words and Hebrew pericopes, employed in the Oseanic literary layers in the book attributed to the prophet Oseias by his writers. Starting from these findings, we will point out the construction of the cult to this venerated deity in the scope of the Israeli community. Consequently, the god YHWH was worshipped in the image of this new bull, and the exchange of this ancient cultic memory ('aṣāv - image) to the worship of a new deity brought a strong criticism by the prophet Hosea. We will explain that this ancient tradition was practiced by the Israelites due to their existential conditions implemented through their cultic practices throughout the development of Yiśrā'ēl North. Mainly because this tradition is supported by the veneration of the new bull and because it is related to the liberation of the people of Egypt. The literary layers attributed to the prophet Hosea will help us to understand the worship of this deity venerated in the image and form of a new bull in Yiśrā'ēl North. The contents of these literary layers were written and implanted with the purpose of preserving the cultual memory of the Israelites in Yiśrā'ēl North, and the construction of popular religiosity helped us to understand the criticism of the prophet Hosea in the 8th century BC., during the reign of Jeroboam II (788-747).
This research aims to study the cult at Yiśrā'ēl North in the context of the second layer of Oseanic literature in Oseias 8:1-14, mainly by observing the analyses of Hebrew exegesis emphasizing the biblical narrative in a literal way, the apparatus criticus and the philological stitchings in subunits 8:1-3; 4-7; 8-10; 11-14. We will point out the foundations of the cult and popular religiosity to an ancient memory of a deity worshipped in the image of the new bull (ēgel) in Yiśrā'ēl North, in the locality of Samaria/Bethel. Therefore, this cult is included in the oldest Oseanic literary layers of Yiśrā'ēl North writing from the 8th century BCE. However, in order to reach such findings in the Oseanic pericopes it is necessary to consider the disparate words and Hebrew pericopes, employed in the Oseanic literary layers in the book attributed to the prophet Oseias by his writers. Starting from these findings, we will point out the construction of the cult to this venerated deity in the scope of the Israeli community. Consequently, the god YHWH was worshipped in the image of this new bull, and the exchange of this ancient cultic memory ('aṣāv - image) to the worship of a new deity brought a strong criticism by the prophet Hosea. We will explain that this ancient tradition was practiced by the Israelites due to their existential conditions implemented through their cultic practices throughout the development of Yiśrā'ēl North. Mainly because this tradition is supported by the veneration of the new bull and because it is related to the liberation of the people of Egypt. The literary layers attributed to the prophet Hosea will help us to understand the worship of this deity venerated in the image and form of a new bull in Yiśrā'ēl North. The contents of these literary layers were written and implanted with the purpose of preserving the cultual memory of the Israelites in Yiśrā'ēl North, and the construction of popular religiosity helped us to understand the criticism of the prophet Hosea in the 8th century BC., during the reign of Jeroboam II (788-747).
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História, Profecia, Memória, Divindade, Culto oseânico, History Prophecy, Memory, Deity, Oseanic cult
Citação
RIPOLI, Fernando. História e profecia em Israel Norte no século VIII a.E.C: a antiga memória de uma divindade na imagem do touro novo em Oseias 8, 1-14. 2020. 322 folhas. Tese (Ciências da Religião) - Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, São Bernardo do Campo.