O uso do logos: um estudo a partir do judaísmo do segundo templo, do mundo greco-romano e do prólogo joanino 1.1-18
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2022-07-28
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Universidade Metodista de São Paulo
Resumo
Ao longo da história da pesquisa bíblica na academia, o conceito “logos”, no prólogo do Quarto Evangelho, tem sido constantemente relacionado com as narrativas de Gênesis 1.1-2.4a e com o pensamento do mundo greco-romano. Entretanto, ao se buscar o termo logos na primeira narrativa da criação, surpreendentemente ele não será encontrado. De modo semelhante, quando se pergunta pela pré-existência ou pela encarnação do logos no mundo greco-romano, descobre- se que esses dois aspectos inexistem na literatura a respeito do tema. Por essas razões, a presente pesquisa assumiu a hipótese de que a concepção do logos, conforme o prólogo do QE, vincula- se ao judaísmo do Segundo Templo, pois, se o termo, enquanto instrumento de criação, está ausente em Gênesis, aparecendo somente a partir da tradição Sapiencial, sobretudo nos Salmos; e se o emprego do logos no mundo greco-romano não revela intertextualidades suficientes com o logos joanino, pode-se pensar que João tenha recorrido ao judaísmo do Segundo Templo para adotar ou desenvolver uma nova maneira de abordar o conceito. Isto posto, o presente estudo tem como objetivo verificar a aplicação do conceito do logos no prólogo do QE. A metodologia adotada para a realização desta pesquisa consistiu na revisão bibliográfica, que levou em conta os diversos estudos realizados sobre o tema, e o estudo exegético-crítico do prólogo joanino (Jo 1.1-18), a partir do Novo Testamento Grego (28ª. edição Nestle-Aland) e outras versões dos textos bíblicos, como a Septuaginta, a Vulgata Latina, a Bíblia Hebraica (BHS) e os manuscritos de Qumrã, bem como outros referenciais e escritos apócrifos, que ajudaram a compor o material para a elaboração de uma exegese crítica. Os resultados encontrados indicam que, no decurso da história atinente às pesquisas acadêmicas sobre o logos joanino, ele foi amplamente correlacionado a Gênesis 1 e ao mundo greco-romano. Entretanto, a conclusão obtida nesta pesquisa é diferente, não somente em termos de pano de fundo ou intertextualidade, mas, sobretudo, no que diz respeito ao emprego do termo “logos” no prólogo do QE.
Throughout the history of biblical scholarship, the logos of the prologue to the Fourth Gospel has been closely related to the thinking of Genesis 1.1-2.4a and the thinking of the Greco- Roman world. However, if one searches for the term logos in the first creation narrative, surprisingly it will not be found. On the other hand, when one looks at the question of the pre- existence and incarnation of the logos in the Greco-Roman world, one finds that these two aspects do not exist in the logos literature. For these reasons, this research inferred that the logos of the Fourth Gospel relies on the Jewish literature of the Second Temple because if the term, as an instrument of creation, is absent in Genesis and only began to appear from the time of the Sapiential tradition, especially on the book of Psalms, and if the use of the logos of the Greco- Roman world does not intertextuality satisfactorily with the Johannine logos, one might think that John resorted to the Jewish culture of the Second Temple to adopt or develop a new way of approaching the concept. That being said, the present study seeks to verify the use that the prologue of the Fourth Gospel made of the term logos. The methodology adopted for this research consisted of a critical exegetical study of the Johannine prologue (John 1.1-18) using the Greek New Testament (28th Nestle-Aland edition), several editions of the Bible (such as the Septuagint, the Latin Vulgate, and the Hebrew Bible), apocryphal writings, and other references. The results showed that in the course of the history of scholarly research on the Johannine logos, it was verified that this term was widely related to Genesis 1 and the Greek world. However, the reality found by this research reveals another result. And not only in terms of the background of the word logos, but above all in how Second Temple Judaism, the Greco- Roman world, and John 1 1.1-18 used this word.
Throughout the history of biblical scholarship, the logos of the prologue to the Fourth Gospel has been closely related to the thinking of Genesis 1.1-2.4a and the thinking of the Greco- Roman world. However, if one searches for the term logos in the first creation narrative, surprisingly it will not be found. On the other hand, when one looks at the question of the pre- existence and incarnation of the logos in the Greco-Roman world, one finds that these two aspects do not exist in the logos literature. For these reasons, this research inferred that the logos of the Fourth Gospel relies on the Jewish literature of the Second Temple because if the term, as an instrument of creation, is absent in Genesis and only began to appear from the time of the Sapiential tradition, especially on the book of Psalms, and if the use of the logos of the Greco- Roman world does not intertextuality satisfactorily with the Johannine logos, one might think that John resorted to the Jewish culture of the Second Temple to adopt or develop a new way of approaching the concept. That being said, the present study seeks to verify the use that the prologue of the Fourth Gospel made of the term logos. The methodology adopted for this research consisted of a critical exegetical study of the Johannine prologue (John 1.1-18) using the Greek New Testament (28th Nestle-Aland edition), several editions of the Bible (such as the Septuagint, the Latin Vulgate, and the Hebrew Bible), apocryphal writings, and other references. The results showed that in the course of the history of scholarly research on the Johannine logos, it was verified that this term was widely related to Genesis 1 and the Greek world. However, the reality found by this research reveals another result. And not only in terms of the background of the word logos, but above all in how Second Temple Judaism, the Greco- Roman world, and John 1 1.1-18 used this word.
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Logos, Prólogo Joanino, Judaísmo do Segundo Templo, Mundo Greco- Romano, Gênesis 1-2. 4a, Johannine Prologue, Second Time Judaism, Greco-Roman World